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The concept and parameters of waveguide antenna

Author:Xia Men Lineyi Antenna & Connector Click: Time:2020-08-20 08:50:46

A waveguide antenna is an antenna that guides radio frequency energy from an air medium into a waveguide, and vice versa. Once the radio frequency energy is captured, the radio frequency energy is conducted through the waveguide interconnection, or picked up by the coaxial interface, and then transmitted through the coaxial assembly. The reverse is also true because the waveguide antenna is a symmetrical system. The frequency range and antenna polarization depend on the size and type of the waveguide antenna, of which there are many standard forms. As with any antenna, the following parameters are key information when choosing a waveguide antenna.


"Concept and Parameters of Waveguide Antenna"


Important waveguide antenna parameters


Frequency range (waveguide bandwidth or coaxial bandwidth of broadband waveguide antenna)


Gain


Beam width (horizontal beam width)


Beam height (vertical beam width)

impedance


Input standing wave ratio


Antenna radiation pattern

polarization


Interface (coaxial or waveguide)

size

weight


Input power processing


The frequency of the waveguide antenna is also limited by the size of the waveguide inside the antenna and the actual size of the antenna. In some cases, such as broadband antennas with coaxial interfaces, the frequency range is limited by the design of the antenna and the coaxial interface. In general, in addition to waveguide antennas with coaxial interfaces, waveguide antennas also have the advantages of high-power processing, enhanced shielding, and low-loss waveguide interconnection. In addition, the frequency operation of the waveguide antenna also depends on the actual size, and the size of the low-frequency waveguide antenna is often not practical in many applications.


There are several different types of waveguide antennas, and each type has its own specific advantages for a given set of applications. 


Common types include the following list:


Waveguide antenna type


Standard gain horn antenna


Cone horn antenna


Cone gain horn antenna


Probe


Lens horn antenna


Sector antenna


Omnidirectional antenna


Broadband Horn Antenna


Wide-angle scalar feed horn antenna


Circular scalar fed horn antenna


Dual polarization horn antenna


Dual polarization feed horn antenna


Dual polarization scalar feed horn antenna

 

Waveguide standard horn antenna, conical (circular) horn antenna, exponential (scalar) horn antenna and sector (sector or wide-angle) horn antenna


A horn antenna is a waveguide antenna with a metal horn shape, just like a music horn, hence its name. Horn antennas are directional antennas, essentially rectangular (standard or pyramid horn) antennas or circular (conical) antennas. These shapes can lead to different polarizations, linear polarization or circular polarization. The horn antenna can also be designed to have a curved side surface, which can have a pyramidal or conical cross section. This design can minimize internal reflections over a wide frequency range and make the impedance nearly constant. The fan-shaped horn may also be parallel to one side of the pyramidal horn instead of being flared, creating a fan-shaped beam pattern.


Waveguide gain antenna


The low loss of the waveguide antenna makes the overall directivity almost equal to the gain of the antenna. Therefore, if the directivity of the antenna is very narrow (depending on the shape and size of the antenna), these antennas may have a high gain.


Waveguide Probe Antenna


Waveguide probe antennas are usually designed to sample the radiated electromagnetic field of the antenna under test with minimal interference to the incident field. They are commonly used for near-field measurements of antenna structures.


Waveguide lens antenna


The lens antenna uses the characteristics of the lens (convergence and divergence) to focus the radio frequency energy captured by the waveguide antenna to a point source. The point source is usually a coaxial probe (receiver), and the waveguide antenna is used as a feed antenna. Lens antennas are generally used in applications that require wide bandwidth and high directivity antennas.


Omnidirectional waveguide antenna


The design of the omnidirectional waveguide antenna is to make the antenna radiation pattern radiate at 360 degrees, which is different from the fan-shaped or single-lobe horn antenna.


Broadband waveguide antenna


The design of the broadband waveguide antenna is to direct the radio frequency energy in the wide frequency band to the interface receiver (usually a coaxial cable), and the interface receiver can handle the bandwidth required by the antenna. The design consists of an exponentially inclined waveguide side and a plug-in interface for broadband operation.


Waveguide-fed antenna


Feed antennas are used to direct radio frequency energy to another antenna or receiver. Therefore, depending on the type of waveguide antenna, the waveguide antenna is sometimes called a feed antenna or a feed horn.


Dual polarization waveguide antenna


Dual-polarized waveguide antennas are designed to support linear and elliptical polarized waveforms.


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